ETF education

What is an ETF?

An exchange traded fund (ETF) is a basket of securities that can be bought and sold in a single trade on an exchange.
There are a wide range of advantages to ETFs, including targeted exposure, increased diversification, flexible trading, and more.
ETFs have grown in popularity since they first launched more than 30 years ago. Now, there are more than 14,152 ETFs available globally.¹

May 11, 2026

An exchange traded fund (ETF) is a basket of securities — such as shares, bonds, currencies, or commodities — that can be bought and sold in a single trade on an exchange. It generally tracks the performance of an index (though active ETFs have also attracted a lot of interest recently), may charge less fees, and offer targeted exposure to a specific market segment, such as an asset class, geography, sector, or investment theme.

In essence, ETFs are funds that trade like shares with the diversification benefits of mutual funds. In one trade, they may offer diversified, low-cost, transparent and tax-efficient exposure to companies across the globe. But unlike traditional mutual funds, which are priced once a day at the close of trading, ETFs are priced continuously throughout the trading day and can be bought or sold at any time — allowing investors to react to market conditions and news in real-time and to execute trades quickly and efficiently.

What are the benefits of ETFs?

Understanding the benefits of ETFs is an important step toward determining whether ETFs can be an appropriate choice for your portfolio.

Targeted exposure

ETFs offer exposure to broad or specific segments of the market such as:

Asset classes: ETF proliferation has helped make all market segments easy to access, from equities and fixed income, to commodities and alternatives.
Geographies: You can access global, regional, or single country focused ETFs, as well as ETFs that focus on developed or emerging markets.
Currencies: ETFs that track the price return of a basket of currencies, such as all emerging market currencies, or individual ones, such as the Japanese yen or Chinese yuan.
Sectors and industries: These ETFs track a share market sector or industry, such as Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), Resources, Financials, or Health Care.
Investment Themes: These ETFs seek to offer exposure to multi-generational investment themes such as sustainable investing or the advancement of technology on cyber security or autonomous vehicles.
Style/factors: Smart beta ETFs offer exposures to shares with attributes like low volatility, value, and momentum.

Lower management costs

ETFs typically have lower management fees and operating expenses compared to mutual funds, across indexed and active exposures. Moreover, for index ETFs,transaction costs are minimized due to the low turnover of most of these ETFs and the indexes that they track. When fees and expenses are low, investors can keep more of their returns.

Increased diversification

ETFs provide one of the easiest ways to diversify a portfolio.

They provide access to many companies or investments in a single trade, removing single share risk — the risk inherent in being exposed to just one company. The ETF structure helps to lower the risk that a select number of individual shares could hurt overall portfolio performance.

Added liquidity

ETFs benefit from two sources of liquidity:

Primary market liquidity: ETFs have a unique creation/redemption mechanism which allows authorised participants (APs) to build baskets of ETF shares when demand increases (creation), or disassemble the baskets of ETF shares back into single securities should demand decrease (redemption). This happens in the primary market and allows the liquidity of an ETF’s underlying securities to enhance the liquidity of the ETF.
Secondary market liquidity: Because they trade throughout the day on an exchange, or in the secondary market, investors can make timely investment decisions and quickly execute based on shifting market conditions.

Tax efficiency

ETFs are generally more tax efficient than other investment vehicles due to the ability to transfer securities in and out of the portfolio in the most tax-efficient manner, via the in-kind creation/redemption process. Meanwhile, index tracking ETFs generally have low turnover, resulting in fewer capital gains and lower taxes. Finally, any associated capital gains taxes are paid at the time of final sale, offering greater control on the timing of tax consequences.

Flexible trading

ETFs can be bought through an online brokerage account at their current market price at any time during the trading day. There are no minimum holding periods, and investors can employ a wide range of trading techniques to react to market movements.

Increased transparency

Most ETF holdings are fully transparent and available daily, which means that investors can see exactly what assets the ETF holds and how its performance is being impacted by changes in the underlying assets. This can help investors make more informed investment decisions with greater accuracy.

Are there risks associated with ETFs?

Like any investment, ETFs carry certain risks that investors should be aware of before making a decision to invest:

Market risk: ETFs are an investment in the share market. As a result, they are subject to market fluctuations. The value of the ETF’s shares can go up or down depending on the performance of the underlying shares in its portfolio
Inflation risk: ETFs may be affected by inflation, as the value of the fund’s assets may be eroded by rising prices over time.
Credit risk: An ETF may be exposed to credit risk if one or more of the companies in its portfolio experiences financial difficulties or goes bankrupt. This could result in a decline in the value of the ETF’s shares.
Liquidity risk: There is always a risk that it may be difficult to buy or sell shares of an ETF when you want to, due to market conditions or other factors.

Using a due diligence process, investors should consider their investment objectives and risk tolerance before investing in ETFs. Be sure to visit the fund’s prospectus for more information on the risks associated with a particular ETF.

The global ETF market

ETFs have grown exponentially since 1993 when State Street Investment Management launched the first US-listed ETF. Today, investors use ETFs to precisely meet their individual portfolio needs, from finding income and gaining broad market exposure, to lowering costs and investing in difficult-to-reach markets.

1993

State Street Investment Management launched the first US-listed ETF.

14,100+

Total number of global exchange traded funds available. ²

US$19.59 T

Global assets under management in ETFs. ³

There’s plenty more to learn about ETFs

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Footnotes

Glossary

Disclosure

All forms of investments carry risks, including the risk of losing all of the invested amount. Such activities may not be suitable for everyone.

All information is from State Street Global Advisors unless otherwise noted and has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but its accuracy is not guaranteed. There is no representation or warranty as to the current accuracy, reliability or completeness of, nor liability for, decisions based on such information and it should not be relied on as such.

The information provided does not constitute investment advice and it should not be relied on as such. It should not be considered a solicitation to buy or an offer to sell a security. It does not take into account any investor's particular investment objectives, strategies, tax status or investment horizon. You should consult your tax and financial advisor.

Equity securities may fluctuate in value and can decline significantly in response to the activities of individual companies and general market and economic conditions.

Bonds generally present less short-term risk and volatility than stocks, but contain interest rate risk (as interest rates raise, bond prices usually fall); issuer default risk; issuer credit risk; liquidity risk; and inflation risk. These effects are usually pronounced for longer-term securities. Any fixed income security sold or redeemed prior to maturity may be subject to a substantial gain or loss.

Frequent trading of ETFs could significantly increase commissions and other costs such that they may offset any savings from low fees or costs.

Diversification does not ensure a profit or guarantee against loss.

Passive management and the creation/redemption process can help minimize capital gains distributions.

There can be no assurance that a liquid market will be maintained for ETF shares.

While the shares of ETFs are tradable on secondary markets, they may not readily trade in all market conditions and may trade at significant discounts in periods of market stress.

Because of their narrow focus, sector investing tends to be more volatile than investments that diversify across many sectors and companies.

Non-diversified funds that focus on a relatively small number of [stocks, issuers, countries] tend to be more volatile than diversified funds and the market as a whole.

Foreign investments involve greater risks than U.S. investments, including political and economic risks and the risk of currency fluctuations, all of which may be magnified in emerging markets.

Currency Risk is a form of risk that arises from the change in price of one currency against another. Whenever investors or companies have assets or business operations across national borders, they face currency risk if their positions are not hedged.

Low volatility funds can exhibit relative low volatility and excess returns compared to the Index over the long term; both portfolio investments and returns may differ from those of the Index. The fund may not experience lower volatility or provide returns in excess of the Index and may provide lower returns in periods of a rapidly rising market. Active stock selection may lead to added risk in exchange for the potential outperformance relative to the Index.

The returns on a portfolio of securities which exclude companies that do not meet the portfolio's specified ESG criteria may trail the returns on a portfolio of securities which include such companies. A portfolio's ESG criteria may result in the portfolio investing in industry sectors or securities which underperform the market as a whole.

A Smart Beta strategy does not seek to replicate the performance of a specified cap-weighted index and as such may underperform such an index. The factors to which a Smart Beta strategy seeks to deliver exposure may themselves undergo cyclical performance. As such, a Smart Beta strategy may underperform the market or other Smart Beta strategies exposed to similar or other targeted factors. In fact, we believe that factor premia accrue over the long term (5-10 years), and investors must keep that long time horizon in mind when investing.

The trademarks and service marks referenced herein are the property of their respective owners. Third party data providers make no warranties or representations of any kind relating to the accuracy, completeness or timeliness of the data and have no liability for damages of any kind relating to the use of such data.

Passively managed funds invest by sampling the index, holding a range of securities that, in the aggregate, approximates the full Index in terms of key risk factors and other characteristics. This may cause the fund to experience tracking errors relative to performance of the index.

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