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Crowning Quality: equity exposure to Europe’s cash-rich elite

Investors targeting quality factor exposure now have a European option, aligned to the free cash flows of quality companies. 

5 min read
Ryan Reardon profile picture
Senior Equity ETF Strategist

Quality strategies represent approximately 7.2% ($12USD billion) of assets under management (AUM) in European-listed factor exchange traded funds. This is the 4th largest factor category after Yield, Size, and Value.1

In Q4 2024, State Street originally partnered with S&P to provide investors with a new type of quality factor exposure, the SPDR S&P Quality Aristocrats strategy. We initially launched exposures tracking World (S&P Developed Quality FCF Aristocrats Index) and US equities (S&P 500 Quality FCF Aristocrats Index). This quarter we are expanding the range to include a European equity exposure. The methodology uses Free Cash Flow (“FCF”) as a basis for measuring a given company’s quality features. This novel approach offers investors an alternative to ETFs tracking a MSCI Sector Neutral Quality Index methodology.

Figure 1: Quality Index Methodologies

Criteria

S&P Quality FCF Aristocrats Index

 

MSCI Sector Neutral Quality Index

Ticker

SPDQFAUN Index (World)
SP5QFAUN Index
(USA)
SPEQFAEN Index (Europe)

M1WONQ Index (World)
M1USSNQ Index
(USA)
M7ESNQ Index
(Europe)

Selection Universe

S&P Developed LargeMidCap Index
S&P 500 Index
S&P Europe LargeMidCap Index

MSCI World Index
MSCI USA Index
MSCI Europe Index

Eligibility Criteria

No Real Estate
No Banks, Insurance*
+ FCF for 10 consecutive years

All constituents of selection universe

Construction

Select top 100 stocks with 10+ years of uninterrupted positive FCF and a high FCF Score, which is based on FCF Margin and ROIC

Select an optimised basket with the highest Quality Score computed within the sector, which is based on ROE, Debt to Equity, and Earnings Variability

Weighting Scheme

The product of the float-adjusted market cap and the FCF Score

The product of the market cap weight and the Quality Score

Stock Weight Constraint

5% maximum

5% maximum**

Aggregate Constraints

40% maximum Sector
60% maximum Country

Sector neutral at rebalance
Factor & Turnover Constraints
(see index methodology)

Target Constituents

100

Optimised

Rebalance Frequency

Semi-Annual (3rd Friday in April and October)

Semi-Annual (Last business day in May and November)

Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices, MSCI, as of 30 September 2025. For illustrative purposes only.  

Quality is an objective measure of certain variables which can identify businesses with competitive advantages and long-term plans. It's based on the idea that investors are willing to pay more “premia” for certain attributes such as profitability, low leverage, and low earnings variability. FCF is the amount of cash generated by a business after accounting for cash outflows to support operations, maintain capital assets, and pursue organic growth. Simply put, it is the excess cash that a company produces after accounting for the costs of running a business and capital expenditures. High FCF can allow a firm increased financing flexibility, it can be used to pay dividends, buy back stock, pay down debt or reinvested to support other business growth opportunities. 

Companies with strong FCF characteristics can help achieve higher risk-adjusted returns and exhibit defensive traits relative to a market-cap benchmark historically. In the last 10 years, a back-tested 1-year trailing excess return of the S&P Europe Quality Aristocrats Index outperforms the MSCI Europe index by an average of 71 basis points (bps).2

Quality aristocrats take a relatively unconstrained approach to harvesting the quality factor. By limiting the allocation constraints, the quality aristocrats strategy has wide flexibility to find companies with higher margin profitability and higher return on capital. As a result, the strategy is likely to reflect structural and tactical sector bias over time. As of the end of September, the European exposure (S&P Europe Quality FCF Aristocrats Index) is reflecting a significant bias towards the Health Care sector and away from the Financials sector.

Figure 4: GICS sector allocation

Sector

MSCI Europe Index

S&P Europe Quality FCF Aristocrats Index

SPEQFAEN Index
(Active Weight)

Financials

23.63%

5.10%

-18.53%

Industrials

19.47%

18.74%

-0.73%

Health Care

13.72%

26.71%

+13.00%

Cons Staples

9.20%

10.55%

+1.35%

Cons Disc.

8.06%

14.47%

+6.41%

Technology

7.34%

15.81%

+8.47%

Materials

5.36%

3.60%

-1.76%

Utilities

4.32%

0.00%

-4.32%

Energy

4.18%

0.19%

-4.00%

Comm. Srvcs

3.99%

4.84%

+0.85%

Real Estate

0.75%

0.00%

-0.75%

Source: Bloomberg Finance, L.P., as of 1 October 2025. This information should not be considered a recommendation to invest in a particular sector, country or to buy or sell any security shown. It is not known whether the sectors, countries or securities shown will be profitable in the future. Holdings and Characteristics are as of the date indicated, are subject to change, and should not be relied upon as current thereafter. Diversification does not ensure a profit or guarantee against loss. 

This index represent an expansion of S&P’s Aristocrats franchise. SPDR® has long offered investors the opportunity for yield factor exposure with S&P’s Dividend Aristocrats® family of indices. The Aristocrats brand emphasizes the selection of high quality companies based
on longevity. These concepts select for companies with established long-term track records of delivering in a desired factor category. In the yield category, Dividend Aristocrats are companies with a track record of paying regular cash dividends to investors, uninterrupted. In the quality category, Quality Aristocrats are companies with a track record of generating positive
free cash flow for investors, uninterrupted. 

Figure 5: S&P Aristocrats methodologies

Strategy

Dividend Aristocrats 

Free Cash Flow (“FCF”) Aristocrats

Focus

Select companies with an uninterrupted long term track record of paying regular cash dividends.  Select companies an uninterrupted long term track record of positive FCF, with a higher FCF margin and ROIC.

Investment

Rationale

  • Reliable income stream
  • Defensive qualities
  • High absolute returns
  • Exposure to high quality growth stocks

Target Companies

Dividend Aristocrats tend to be mature, blue-chip companies focused on operating efficiency.

Quality FCF Aristocrats tend to be earlier stage with more growth opportunities. 

Capital Return

Policy

More likely to return capital through the regular dividend.

Capital is returned to shareholders through dividends, buybacks, and reinvestment in growth opportunities.

Factor Exposure

Yield (with Value tilt)

Quality (with Growth tilt)

State Street ETFs

SPDR® S&P® Global Dividend Aristocrats UCITS ETF (Dist)

SPDR® S&P® U.S. Dividend Aristocrats UCITS ETF (Dist)

SPDR® S&P® Euro Dividend Aristocrats UCITS ETF (Dist)

SPDR® S&P Developed Quality Aristocrats UCITS ETF (Acc)

SPDR® S&P 500® Quality Aristocrats UCITS ETF (Acc)

SPDR® S&P Europe Quality Aristocrats UCITS ETF (Acc)

Source: State Street Investment Management, S&P Dow Jones Indices, as of 30 September 2025. For illustrative purposes only.

A quality aristocrats approach in European equities offer investors the opportunity harvest high FCF margin. Investors should continue to focus on exposures that provide long exposure to areas of strong earnings growth, combined with sensible downside protection. SPDR® ETFs now offer a systematic approach to identifying high quality companies that have a long term track record of being most efficient at converting revenue into free cash flow with the new family of Quality Aristocrats ETFs. This family is now being expanded to include a European equity exposure. 

How can investors navigate this theme?

Europe: SPDR S&P Europe Quality Aristocrats UCITS ETF (Acc) 

The SPDR® S&P Europe Quality Aristocrats UCITS ETF seeks to fully replicate the S&P Europe Quality FCF Aristocrats Index, which is comprised of European stocks exhibiting higher quality characteristics relative to the overall companies in the parent S&P Europe Large and MidCap Index. In order to be considered to exhibit higher quality characteristics, securities in the parent index must first satisfy the multiple consecutive years of positive free cash flow (“FCF”) criteria. Then, for the remaining securities, the top 100 securities with the highest “Quality Score” are selected as index constituents. 

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