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Weekly ETF Brief

What’s Driving Local Currency Emerging Market Debt’s Stellar Year-to-date Returns?

The weakening US dollar has driven one of the most surprising investment performance stories of the year so far — the strong returns of emerging market (EM) local currency debt.

Temps de lecture: 5 min
Senior Fixed Income ETF Strategist

Dollar Decline Drives Local Currency EM Debt Gains

The Bloomberg EM Local Currency Liquid Government Index has returned close to 4.25% year to date,1 with US dollar weakness driving a big part of those gains. This has delivered a currency return for the index of 2.22%.2 Bond returns were also mainly positive, with coupon and bond price returns of around 1% each.

Figure 1 breaks down the year-to-date return for the Bloomberg EM Local Currency Liquid Government Index by country into bond and currency components. All but two — China and Hungary — saw positive bond returns (price + coupon returns). Turkey, Indonesia, India, and Israel recorded negative currency returns. Bond and currency returns tended to cancel one another out. For instance, bond returns in Hungary government debt were weak due to steady rates, which then supported the Hungarian forint (HUF), producing strong currency returns. The reverse was the case for Turkey. Sharp rate cuts from 50% down to 42.5% produced spectacular bond returns of 9.5% — and weakened the currency. China and India total returns were slightly negative, but the remaining 17 countries in the index all posted gains.

Figure 1: Year-to-date Returns by Country for the Bloomberg EM Local Currency Liquid Government Index

Figure 1 breaks down returns in the Bloomberg EMI Local Currency Liquid Government Index into currency and bond returns

Federal Reserve in the Driving Seat

The key question for EM debt investors is whether this US dollar move has played out or if it has further to run. Looking back to President’s Trump’s first term, we can see some similarities in US dollar behaviour. In December 2016, a big post-election rally in the US Dollar Index (DXY) — a measure of the dollar’s relative strength — was followed by weakness in 2017, and a decline of roughly 13% into early 2018. State Street Global Advisor’s own model of fair value suggests the dollar is still 13% overvalued versus the basket of currencies that make up the Bloomberg EM Local Currency Liquid Government Index.3 This suggests there remains scope for further dollar decline. However, it is also true that a catalyst for the recent move lower in the DXY has been the reduction of long positions in US assets, most notably equities. While much of this overweight has been reduced, it is harder to determine whether investors will actually start to underweight US assets.

Much of the fate of the dollar now revolves around US economic data. Activity data remains firm. However, any weakening would push the market to price in more rate cuts, which would likely result in further dollar depreciation. The lower-than-expected US February CPI reading supports this hypothesis. Easing inflation pressures mean fewer constraints on the Federal Reserve (Fed) cutting rates. For more on a dollar possible inflection point, see our latest currency commentary.

The promise of easier Fed policy also supports the prospect of further EM central bank rate cuts. In aggregate, they continue to ease policy: Figure 2 shows cuts (marked by negative bars) continue to dominate, and the 12-week rolling average of hikes minus cuts remains in negative territory. There will be caution over easing too fast as this could weaken EM currencies. 

Figure 2: EM Central Banks Still in Easing Mode

Fig 2 shows how EM central banks are currently tendimh to cut rates.

Interest in EM local currency debt has rebounded following weakness in the final quarter of 2024. Much of the performance has been driven by US dollar depreciation. For that to continue, the US activity data will need to slow. The resilience of the US economy means this may require patience, but with the Bloomberg EM Local Currency Liquid Government Index yielding over 6.2%, at least investors can benefit from strong carry. 

A Hard Road Ahead?

Hard currency exposures may have greater appeal for investors who do not believe that US dollar weakness will persist. Hard currency yields are currently higher than local currency — the J.P. Morgan EMBI Global Diversified Index has returned over 7.6%.4 Credit quality is lower than local currency exposures so the key risk is that spreads are tight and have widened over recent sessions. A broader risk-off move by markets could accentuate the move.

In this context, it is worth noting the stability in spreads in Saudi Arabian bonds. The Saudi Arabian hard currency component of the J.P. Morgan EMBI Global Diversified Index has widened just under 9 basis points (bps) so far in 2025 against just under 12 bps for all high grade bonds, and 14.5 bps for the high yield component.5 The fall in the oil price may be a drag on the budget dynamic, but the broader economy is in good shape, with 4.5% year-over-year growth in Q4 2024. The latest Bloomberg consensus expectations suggest 3.8% growth in 2025, and a budget deficit of 3.5% of GDP. Local bonds could benefit from a gradual reduction in the central bank rate from 5.0% to 4.5% by Q4 2025.5

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