Insights

Ölschock 2020 ein Beispiel für Knock-On-Virusrisiken

Saudi Arabia’s decision to launch an oil price challenge against Russia sent markets into panic mode, adding further uncertainty to a world already in the throes of the Covid-19 epidemic. We aim to highlight some of the key implications of this predicament.

Elliot Hentov

Head of Policy and Research

11. März 2020

Saudi Arabia’s decision to launch an oil price challenge against Russia sent markets into panic mode. This adds a third layer of uncertainty on top of the existing two – Covid-19 viral trajectory and future policy responses – in all affected economies. Worse, for investors there are fewer data points and less public information from which to forecast Saudi Arabian (or Russian) oil policy. This note aims to highlight some of the key implications of these issues:

1. The Saudi action does not merely imply ramping up of production, with an estimated spare capacity of just under two million barrels per day (mbd). Saudi Aramco also announced total supply targets, which include emptying some of its global inventories. Other Gulf countries are expected to use their spare capacity as well, so together with Russia’s marginal increase, the world could be faced with over 3mbd of extra supply starting April. This should put continued downward pressure on oil prices, particularly as many key economies will be experiencing peak Covid-19 demand damage at the same time.

2. Figure 1 illustrates that future Saudi output will likely rise above 12mbd, making it the world’s second largest oil producer for the first time since the tentative OPEC+ arrangements of late 2016. The Saudi objective here is primarily to induce the Russians to return to the negotiating table and revive OPEC+ in earnest. This is a major gamble, given that Russia’s fiscal position (comparatively lower fiscal break-even price – required to meet an oil-dependent country’s spending needs – and a floating exchange rate that cushion the oil price decline) is in better shape than Saudi Arabia’s. Nonetheless, both oil producers share an interest in limiting the extent of such a price war, particularly as the Russians cannot offset the lower oil price with greater market share.

3. Could these events also be an intentional challenge to US shale? Unlikely, at least from Saudi Arabia’s perspective given the experience of 2014-2016, when oil prices had similarly collapsed. Not only markets but also astute oil observers were caught off guard by the fallout. It stands to reason that Russia presumed it could carry on the trend of the past few years (Figure 1) in which nearly all production cuts were absorbed by Saudi Arabia. Riyadh now has put Moscow on the spot, though Russia clearly hopes to affect US producers, too. The oil price drop is paired with an extreme reversal of financial conditions. In our view, US production may fall over the coming months, pressuring leveraged shale producers, but in the medium term it should revert to trend. We point toward oil prices required for shale profitability, which tend to be lower than the fiscal break-even oil price of either Russia or Saudi Arabia (roughly US$42 and US$75, respectively).

4. The larger US challenge is how to weather the oil industry downturn this year. Figure 2 shows how closely correlated US manufacturing industry optimism is to oil prices. Manufacturing was barely exiting the 2019 trade war when Covid-19 struck. The loss of oil industry demand will bring additional pain to US manufacturers. Given that they are disproportionately located in US swing states, the political effect will be magnified. In our view, US President Donald Trump will be very eager to offset that dynamic and may therefore consider more experimental policy actions.

Investment Implications

In addition to uncertainty around the virus epidemic and ongoing policy responses, markets may now need to cope with political risks, too. This could contribute to high volatility across asset classes until the epidemic’s peak is forecastable for market participants. In addition, there is considerable potential for market rallies on the back of policy surprises as governments react to worsening economic conditions. Specific to oil, a Saudi-Russian rapprochement remains the likeliest outcome, though that could take a few months. Also, we do not expect a symmetrical oil price recovery but only a partial improvement in the face of incremental return of global demand.

Disclosures

Abu Dhabi: State Street Global Advisors Limited, Middle East Branch, 42801, 28, Al Khatem Tower, Abu Dhabi Global Market Square, Al Maryah Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Regulated by ADGM Financial Services Regulatory Authority. T: +971 2 245 9000. Australia: State Street Global Advisors, Australia Services Limited (ABN 16 108 671 441) (AFSL Number 274900) (“SSGA, ASL”). Registered office: Level 15, 420 George Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. T: 612 9240- 7600. F: 612 9240-7611. Belgium: State Street Global Advisors Belgium, Chaussée de La Hulpe 120, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. T: 32 2 663 2036. F: 32 2 672 2077. SSGA Belgium is a branch office of State Street Global Advisors Ireland Limited. State Street Global Advisors Ireland Limited, registered in Ireland with company number 145221, authorised and regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland, and whose registered office is at 78 Sir John Rogerson’s Quay, Dublin 2. 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