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Gold May Shine With 2021’s Inflation Risks
- Global reflation and economic recovery are sparking concerns about higher inflation, with more subtle inflation risks emanating from rising debt, deficits and a weaker US dollar.
- Gold may exhibit lower price inflation sensitivity compared to other real assets, but potentially offers more efficient diversification benefits under the emerging inflation scenario.
As the global economy continues to show signs of recovery from the pandemic-led recession, investor focus has shifted to inflation risk. Reflationary pressures emanating from rising growth and economic activity (both consumer and manufacturing) are a core source of these inflationary concerns. In response, many have turned to gold as a potential hedge against this form of inflation. While gold has historically served as a refuge during periods of extreme price inflation and deflation, the risk of extreme levels of price inflation currently remains low. Instead, investors should concentrate on the risk of monetary led inflation (originating from dovish policies and higher liquidity) leading to US dollar (USD) weakness – and the potential benefits gold could offer in that environment.
Quiet but Real: Inflation through Currency Devaluation
The inverse relationship between the USD and US inflation expectations tracks closely over time. This stems from the fact that a weaker dollar is inherently an inflationary action because it reduces purchasing power of US consumers, investors, and debtholders (see Figure 1). Monetary and fiscal policies geared toward a weaker dollar could greatly aid in reducing debt burdens through this inflationary effect – with a weaker dollar supporting growth through exports and reducing the burden of existing debt levels. Furthermore, fiscal stimulus tends to weaken a currency’s medium-term outlook. The prospect of more US deficit spending to combat the economic effects of COVID-19 and fund other domestic priorities such as infrastructure keeps the medium-term outlook muted for the USD, but potentially supportive of gold.
Gold’s negative correlation to the USD is well established, and its strong performance compared to equities, broad commodities, and bonds during USD bear markets over nearly five decades is highlighted in Figure 2. During USD bear markets since 1973, gold has posted an average 142% cumulative return, while – not surprisingly – experiencing an average drop of 7% during USD bull markets. This asymmetry highlights that over time the benefit of holding gold to protect against currency weakness far outweighs any drag during periods of currency strength.
Further, the prior peak for the USD spot price was on December 28, 2016, and since then the greenback has fallen approximately 11.5%.1 Comparing this to the average cumulative drop during USD bear markets of 28%, as illustrated below, indicates the potential for further weakness on the horizon. Fiscal spending coupled with lower for longer policy interest rates may serve as headwinds for the dollar, but they potentially remain strong tailwinds for gold.
Inflation through Monetary Stimulus and Liquidity
Another type of inflation that gold investors should be tracking is monetary inflation. While closely linked to fiat currency devaluation, there is an important distinction to highlight as it relates to rising financial asset valuations. Central banks globally have continued to add debt to their balance sheets in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Their playbook has been very similar to the response following the 2008 global financial crisis. To date the G4 central banks (Federal Reserve, Bank of England, European Central Bank, and Bank of Japan) have increased their debt holdings to nearly US$24 trillion – amounting to 55% of aggregate gross domestic product (GDP)2 of these economies.
This stimulus-related activity by the G4 has created a tremendous amount of liquidity in global capital markets, pushing up valuations in risk assets and reducing the value of reserve currencies. In response, gold holdings have increased commensurately as a potential offset against this rising liquidity and monetary inflation risk. In fact, global gold holdings among investors and global central banks have risen steadily since the extreme monetary policy actions began in 2008 (see Figure 3). As long as central bankers continue their strategy of adding liquidity through issuing debt, investors can expect more volatility with risk asset valuations and fiat currency depreciation, factors that are likely to continue to buoy gold demand as a potential hedge against monetary inflation.
Let’s Get Real About Price Inflation
Price inflation, as measured by baskets of goods through the consumer price index (CPI) is the most common metric that investors use to gauge the level of inflation. While gold serves as a strong store of value over time, its sensitivity to moderate price inflation has historically been more limited. In contrast, compared to other real assets such as infrastructure and natural resources, gold’s correlation – and more importantly its beta to monthly changes in CPI – is actually the lowest as highlighted in Figure 4 below.
Gold’s overall inflation beta to CPI (0.58) is on par with a global 60/40 stock/bond portfolio (0.52), but as illustrated in Figure 5 below, gold has maintained a lower correlation to the diversified global 60/40 portfolio. While other real assets may offer higher inflation sensitivity to CPI, this comes at a cost of higher equity correlations and exposure to equity risk factors. Gold’s lower correlation to diversified stock/bond portfolios indicates the potential for diversification without a drop off in sensitivity to changes in CPI over time.
In 2021’s rapidly changing risk landscape, gold’s consistently lower correlation to global portfolios compared to other real assets could be an important advantage. Gold’s low correlation over time reinforces its stronger diversification potential during a range of business cycles - providing efficient diversification to reduce portfolio risk and potentially improve portfolio returns. This risk mitigation capability against multiple forms of risk, not just inflation, is a key reason to consider a strategic allocation to gold along with other real assets.
1 Bloomberg Finance L.P, US dollar spot price index was 103.3 on December 28, 2016. Data as of 2/26/21.
Past performance is not a guarantee of future results.
2 Bloomberg Finance L.P., Data as of January 31, 2021.
Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Index - The Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Index is a flagship measure of global investment grade debt from twenty-four local currency markets. This multi-currency benchmark includes treasury, government-related, corporate and securitized fixed-rate bonds from both developed and emerging markets issuers.
Bloomberg Commodity Index - Bloomberg Commodity Index (BCOM) is calculated on an excess return basis and reflects commodity futures price movements. The index rebalances annually weighted 2/3 by trading volume and 1/3 by world production and weight-caps are applied at the commodity, sector and group level for diversification.
Bloomberg Barclays US Treasury Total Return Index - The Bloomberg Barclays US Treasury Index measures US dollar-denominated, fixed-rate, nominal debt issued by the US Treasury.
FTSE NAREIT All Equity REITS Total Return Index - FTSE NAREIT All Equity REITS Total Return Index is a free float adjusted market capitalization weighted index that includes all tax qualified REITs listed in the NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ National Market.
MSCI All-Country World Index - The MSCI ACWI Index is a free-float weighted equity index which includes both emerging and developed world markets
S&P Global Infrastructure Net Total Return Index - The S&P Global Infrastructure Index is designed to track 75 companies from around the world chosen to represent the listed infrastructure industry while maintaining liquidity and tradability. To create diversified exposure, the index includes three distinct infrastructure clusters: energy, transportation, and utilities.
S&P Global Natural Resources Total Return Index - The index includes 90 of the largest publicly-traded companies in natural resources and commodities businesses that meet specific investability requirements, offering investors diversified, liquid and investable equity exposure across 3 primary commodity-related sectors: Agribusiness, Energy, and Metals & Mining.
S&P 500 Index - The S&P 500® is widely regarded as the best single gauge of large-cap U.S. equities and serves as the foundation for a wide range of investment products. The index includes 500 leading companies and captures approximately 80% coverage of available market capitalization.
US 5-year Breakeven Rate - The breakeven inflation rate represents a measure of expected inflation derived from 5-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Securities and 5-Year Treasury Inflation-Indexed Constant Maturity Securities.
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